this topographical map comparison clears up any doubts. Take for instance, the northern part of the Harlem River whose glacial banks prevented easy access between Manhattan and the Bronx.

Detail of a topographical survey showing markers in Tribeca. Map courtesy Office of the Manhattan Borough President. Miscione provided us with key historical background: Since time immemorial ...

An exploration of the evolution, and lasting impact, of a visionary urban design: the Manhattan street grid ... called it "a primal topographic curse") others saw it as a modern, rational system ...

The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 divided the island of Manhattan into an orthogonal ... called it "a primal topographic curse") others saw it as a modern, rational system in step with the ethos ...