Larvae of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica attack two tree species: willow and birch. To fend off predator attacks, their larvae produce toxic butyric acid esters or salicylaldehyde ...

Birch (Betula paprifera) leaves are doubly toothed around the margins and symmetrical at the base, often forming a heart shape. In the fall, they turn a variety of brilliant colors, from golden ...