This is the red deer—once the undisputed monarch of Europe’s primeval woodlands. With antlers like living crowns and a presence that commands awe, these creatures shaped the wilderness long ...

Red deer are social animals that spend most of their lives in male or female herds. The two sexes come together only during the annual mating season. Each spring, young are born. After several ...

Numerical top‐down effects on red deer (Cervus elaphus) are mainly shaped by humans rather than large carnivores across Europe. Journal of Applied Ecology , 2023; 60 (12): 2625 DOI: 10.1111/1365 ...